Who was Benit Mussolini and what did he do
Benito Mussolini is known as such a leader who ruled the whole world with his strict policy in the whole world. Born on July 29, 1882 - was a politician from Italy who led the National Fest party. He was a prominent leader among those who laid the foundation of the Fascist policy. He participated in the war together with the Axis group in the second world. He was the closest politician to Hitler. His life is said to be made up of a mixture of opportunism, vagabondism and genius. He was shot dead. Fascism was led.
Mussolini's foreign policy
Although Italy was victorious in World War I. But all the promises made to him by the Allies were not fulfilled. Mussolini's view or that it is an insult to Italy. He wanted that this humiliation could be avenged by abandoning the policy of trusting the Allies and adopting the policy of imperialism. He believed that the international institutions created by the Allies are destroyed by the sentiments and principles of the residents of a country. Their existence is limited only to the feelings of the countrymen.
As part of his foreign policy, Mussolini did the following:
(1) Militarization of the Dodecanese and Rhodes Island
- According to the Sen Treaty in 1920 AD, Greece occupied both these islands, while the Dodecanese and Rhodes were formerly under Italy. Italy's eyes were still on these two islands. After defeating Greece by the Turkish Sultan Kamalpasha, Italy got an unexpected advantage due to the breaking of the Treaty of Center. The Treaty of Lausanne, held on July 24, 1923, modified the Treaty of Sev and both the islands were given to Italy. In fact, Mussolini wanted the Mediterranean to be an Italian lake. So he started militarization of these two islands located in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. He built naval bases and fortified the islands. This was the first campaign of his foreign policy.
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| who is mussolini and what did he do |
2) Policy towards Tyrol -
According to the Treaty of Paris, the area of Tile called Trendino was handed over to Italy. That part of Tyrol, which was German-dominated, came under Italian territory. Italy did not care, forgetting its promise that it would treat them equally. Mussolini began to consider non-Italians to be under Italian influence. He also explicitly declared that he could not accept any foreign interference in the affairs of Italy. Thus Mussolini's spirits went on increasing.
(3) Forest rain on Kardu -
The 'Delimitation Commission' was working to resolve the border dispute between Greece and Albania that some Italian officers were murdered in Greece on August 1923. Mussolini, who warned Greece that within 5 days, Greece should investigate the matter and punish the criminals and pay 50 million Chira war damages to Italy. Greece put this matter before the League of Nations. Mussolini bombed and occupied the island of Karfu in Greece, but due to pressure from England, he had to vacate the island, but he managed to recover the amount of compensation, this was an important success of Mussolini. This proved the weakness of the League of Nations and encouraged Mussolini to take further action.
(4) Treaty with Yugoslavia
January 27, 1924 - The relations between Italy and Yugoslavia were not very good. There was a rivalry going on between the two. Italy wanted to change the Treaty of Versailles, while Yugoslavia wanted to keep the Treaty of Versailles as it is. In the Adriatic Sea, the interests of both clashed, but Mussolini took his position in the Mediterranean Sea by capturing the fume.
wanted to strengthen. Therefore, he made a treaty with Yugoslavia on January 27, 1924 AD. By this treaty, the port of Zara and the coast of Dalmatia were given to Yugoslavia. Italy took possession of Fume, but the port of Fume remained with Yugoslavia. The acquisition of the city of Fume was a significant success in the context of Mussolini's foreign policy.
Treaty of 1924 with Russia -
Mussolini was looking for the support of a powerful friend in the politics of Europe. He saw that Russia was opposed to the Treaty of Versailles and was desirous of change. Therefore, Mussolini made a trade treaty with Russia in February 1924 and at the same time recognized the Russian government. Although Italy did not get anything from this treaty, but it made Russia a friend in European politics, which increased Italy's respect on the political stage.
(6) Rome Pact 1935 AD
- The trade relations of France with Italy were not good due to trade differences. While Mussolini wanted Tunis, Carsica and Savoy to be taken over, France had the right over them. The interests of the two also clashed in the Mediterranean, but Hitler's ascendancy was instrumental in bringing the two closer. The Austrian views of both Hitler and Mussolini gave rise to the Rome-Pact. according to this
(iv) The position of Europe will remain the same.
(7) Treaty of Stresa -
This treaty was also done with the fear of Hitler in 1935 AD at a place called Stresa with England. Its significance lies in the fact that the alliance of England, Italy and France acted as a front against Hitler.
(8) Treaties with other countries -
Mussolini made treaties with Romania and Spain in 1926 AD, Hungary in 1927 AD, Greece and Turkey in 1928 AD, Russia in 1932 AD. With these treaties, Italy took its respected place in the European world. Vance sir has even said that by 1930 AD Mussolini was successful in increasing commercial and diplomatic influence.
9) Power over Abyssinia-
Mussolini was keen to take over Abyssinia. • Establishment of colonies had become very important for Mussolini because the number of unemployed in Italy was increasing day by day. No country had declared its claim on Abyssinia. Abyssinia was also important from a commercial point of view. There was sufficient raw material available there. Mussolini wanted to expand his empire by occupying this area between Somaniland and Austria. He had also said that he was ready to go to war to get industrial material. He said, "If he wins, he will become the king of Abyssinia, otherwise he is the ruler of Italy."
(10) Abandonment of the League of Nations (1936 AD) -
Soon after Italy withdrew from the membership of the League of Nations.
(11) Establishment of Rome-Berlin axis -
Hitler completely differed from the fact that Austria can be conquered only by having Mussolini on his side. European politics revolved around Italy. Italy's attitude towards Abyssinia alarmed France, England and Russia. Italy was also upset with the behavior of France, England and Russia, Hitler helped Italy a lot in times of trouble. Mussolini understood that Hitler was a true friend. Therefore, there was an agreement between Italy and Germany on 26 October 1936, which is famous in history as Rome-Berlin axis. The terms of this agreement were as follows
(i) Both the countries will oppose the socialist system. (ii) Spain will be protected. (iii) Both the countries will hold talks from time to time. (iv) Germany's tacit rights over Austria and Czechoslovakia were accepted. As if Italy had forgotten the agreement of 1919 with Austria. Japan was soon included in this treaty and the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo axis was formed.
(12) Right on Albania -
Italy had special importance for Albania. To establish dominance over the Mediterranean Sea, Italy needed to take possession of the Strait of Otandro. On one side of the Otandro were Italy and on the other side Albania. In 1925, republican rule was established in Albania. Its president became a person named Zugo. Albania was economically backward. His condition was not good. Therefore, on November 27, 1926, Albania made a treaty with Italy. The following were the clauses of this treaty
(13) Relation with Spain
During the World War, the policy of Spain's membership did not allow the economic condition of Spain to deteriorate economically, but after the end of the World War, the period that went on in Spain broke Spain's back. Along with this time, socialist, communist, anarchist, republican parties started to flourish. Everyone wanted to establish their government by increasing their influence in Spain. In 1913 AD, the republic was established in Spain. In Spain, the fascist leader General Franco wanted to establish his power by overthrowing the republic.
(14) Gentlemens Agreement 1937 -
On June 2, 1937, Italy made an agreement with England which is called Gentlemens Agreements. Accordingly, Spain's membership was emphasized. In the Mediterranean, both accepted each other's independence. Mussolini increased the navy soon after. Here, according to the British Italian Act, with the policy of Britain to satisfy Italy, it recognized the authority of Italy over Abyssinia.
(15) Agreement of Italy and Germany May 22, 1939 AD -
On May 22, 1939, Italy made a political agreement with Germany. This agreement is also called the Steel Pact. Accordingly, both will provide military assistance to each other.
(16) World War II and Italy-
Hitler invaded Poland on September 1, 1939, and gave birth to World War II. According to the Steel Pact, Mussolini should have supported Hitler at this time, but as Heijn wrote, "It was because of this that Italy was incapacitated, it was better to remain neutral in the interest of Germany. He was completely exhausted in the Spanish Civil War- He couldn't even contemplate war." In any case, finally on June 11, 1940, Mussolini declared war on Hitler's behalf against the Allies. Initially he was victorious, but later he was unsuccessful and a day came when he was imprisoned on 25 July 1943 AD and on 18 April 1945 AD, the people of the country gave him his beloved Pechachi (Petachchi). with the death penalty.
Mussolini's Home Policy
Mussolini had obtained the post of Prime Minister on the strength of power. He knew that the power in his hands would be maintained only when he would fulfill the assurances given to the people, so he first established the fascist dictatorship by ending the liberal rule. Strict punishment was given to those who opposed it. The main objectives of his home policy were as follows
(1) To remove the discontent and despair prevailing in Italy after the war
(2) To remove the economic difficulties of the country.
(3) To free the country from socialist influence.
Mussolini's works
(1) Establishment of dictatorship by Mussolini-
After becoming the Prime Minister of Italy, Mussolini took steps towards becoming the dictator of Italy. To establish the dictatorship, he did the following things:
(i) Establishment of Fascist Power
- After becoming the Prime Minister, he first threatened the Parliament and concentrated all the powers in his hands for a year. Deprived his opponents of important positions of government and appointed members of the Fascist Party in their place. The government established complete control over the local government. Fascist elements dominated the administration. He used violence on his opponents and set up terror.
Formation of civilian army-
Mussolini disbanded the police force called 'State Guards' to increase his power and formed a 'National Militia' in its place. The youths of the fascist party were appointed in this army. Its soldiers were loyal to their Duke Mussolini. On the strength of this army, Mussolini crushed his opponents and established a dictatorship.
Election law of 1923 AD -
Mussolini made a new election law in 1923 AD to establish the majority of the fascists in the parliament. Accordingly, it was arranged that the party which would get the most votes (not less than 25 percent of the votes received) in the general election would get two-thirds of the seats in the Parliament and one-third of the seats to other parties on the basis of the votes received by them. Will meet on the basis of ratio. General elections were held in April 1924. The fascist party got 6 percent of the vote. Accordingly, the Fascist party got two-thirds of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies. Thus the fascist effect was established in the lower or representative house.
Control on Socialists-
Socialists accused Mussolini of rigging the elections, so Mussolini took strong steps to control them. Thousands of opponents were taken prisoner. Strikes were banned. Keeping the newspapers under strict control, the leader of the Socialists, Giacomo Mitipoti, was assassinated.
Control over educational institutions
- Established fascist control over educational institutions. Teachers influenced by socialist ideology were freed from service. The education of fascist principles was made compulsory in the schools.
Special powers given to Mussolini by the Parliament -
In 1925-26 AD, two laws were made in the Parliament. According to one, Mussolini was given the right to circulate decrees without the approval of Parliament before the bill was introduced and passed in Parliament. Mussolini exercised his special powers and established strict control over all the departments of the government. passed
Establishment of the Fascist General Council
- In 1926, Mussolini reorganized the fascist party. Founded the Fascist General Council. It had 2 members. Mussolini was its president. Under this Mahaparishad there were provincial and local branches.
Formation of secret police team-
Mussolini formed a secret police team and established military courts to punish the anti-fascist.
Fascist control over industries and businesses -
Established control over industries and businesses. Unions following the Fascist ideology were approved. The workers were deprived of the right to strike and the industrialists to lock down. In short, a completely fascist dictatorship was established under the leadership of Mussolini.
2) Establishment of the new economic system - in this the following arrangements were made
(i) Syndicate system
(ii) The syndicate system remained till the Corporate State-1933 AD. After that it was given a corporate form. In February 1934, by a law, Mussolini divided the nation into three classes - (1) agriculture, (2) industrial and commercial business and (3) transport. 22 corporations of these three classes were established. Equal representatives of owners and workers were kept in all corporations, 8 for agriculture, 8 for industry and commerce, and 6 for transport. These corporations used to operate and control the processes of production, distribution, sales etc. in their area. Each corporation had an executive committee. The executive body of 22 corporations jointly formed the National Council of Corporations. It had 500 members. The National Council of Corporations exercised control over all the corporations. Mussolini was its president. The executive committee of the National Council of Corporations was called the Central Corporation Committee.
Assembly of Fasios and Corporations -
In 1939, Mussolini abolished the Chamber of Deputies and in its place, the Assembly of Fasios and Corporations was established. Out of its 682 members, 450 were representatives of corporations. He himself was the chairman of this assembly. Thus the Fascio and the council of corporations and the remaining members elected by the people were the members of the Fascist National Council. It was not an all-member assembly. nominated by Mussolini
Corporate polity was the most important achievement of Fascism in the economic field. This system put an end to the class struggle between the owners and the workers. Production increased, trade increased and the country prospered. The biggest drawback was that this system was based on the totalitarian principle.
Financial Reforms -
The financial condition of the country was very bad at the time of Mussolini's accession of power. The national debt was increasing. The national budget was running in deficit and the value of currency was continuously falling. To improve this financial situation, Mussolini adopted a policy of austerity. New taxes were imposed and betting was strictly controlled. Ban on excessive profits. Signed agreements on the payment of debts with England and America. Railway losses were settled. In this way, till 1925 AD, the budget of the country became balanced. The falling value of the currency stabilized.
(4) Industrial Reforms -
Two-third of Italy was surrounded by mountains and was infertile or lack of minerals. Importing important minerals like coal, iron, copper, zinc, oil etc. was an expensive deal, so Mussolini established hydroelectric power plants. Run factories with the help of hydropower. Made great progress in industries like silk, rayon, motor, machinery, engine, chemical, ship etc. For the establishment of these industries, the government provided financial assistance and for their protection, increased import duty and increased export trade. Announced special facilities for foreign capital to invest in Italy. Established the Institute of Industrial Reconstruction in 1933 AD to deal with the period of worldwide economic recession.
(5) Agricultural Reforms
- Mussolini dried the swamps to increase the cultivable land. Developed by breaking the barren land. Farmers were encouraged to adopt scientific method. Established agricultural banks which gave loans to farmers. Tractors, quality seeds and fertilizers started being used. Dams and canals were used for irrigation. Special plans were made to increase the production of wheat. To encourage increase in agricultural production, impose heavy taxes on the import of food grains.
(6) Public works
- Mussolini got the construction works done for roads, schools, houses, canals, dams, ports, bridges etc. Restored ancient Roman monuments. Railway lines expanded. Rail electrification increased. Telegraph and telephone services expanded. While these construction works solved the problem of unemployment, on the other hand the feeling of patriotism was awakened among the Italians.
(7) Labor Welfare -
solini was conscious of the welfare of the workers. In April 1927, he announced the Charter of Labor. Sunday declared a holiday. Paid annual leave accepted. Implemented insurance schemes for the social security of the workers. Workers who worked at night were given more wages. A special organization was established for the entertainment of the workers.
The main objective of Mussolini's education policy was to increase the fascist influence. Fascist ideals were taught along with general education in primary and secondary schools. An institution named "Balila" was established for the children of 8 to 14 years. After this, the children used to get education from 14 to 18 years in an institution called 'Avanguardia'. After passing from this institution, the boy youth used to become a member of the group called 'Giovanni Fascist'. After being in this party for three years, he had to enlist in the 'fascist civilian army'. There were separate institutions for the education of girls. Those who were of fascist ideology were appointed to the posts related to the administrative and educational work of schools and universities.
(9) Efforts to increase population -
Mussolini wanted to increase the population of Italy to give Italy a proud place in the world. For this he announced special concessions. Raised the income tax on unmarried men and men heading small families. Family planning and abortion were declared illegal. Provided financial assistance to those who produced more children.
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